Can Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Their Symbiotic Bacteria Suppress Fruit Fly Pests? A Review

Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are serious pests that affect fruit production and marketing. Both third instar larvae pupae biological stages persist in the soil until adult emergence. Entomopathogenic nematodes (ENs) control agents used to agricultural greenhouse or field conditions. Several studies have been carried out under laboratory conditions showing how ENs can be applied within an area-wide integrated pest management approach fly species orchards backyard trees. In this review, we analyze physical characteristics biotic factors performance of these agents. Of reviewed papers, more than half evaluated influence texture, humidity, temperature, other on infective juveniles (IJs). Abiotic significantly IJs texture. Among fungi, bacteria, mites, insects, earthworms. We conclude potential drip area trees infested by contribute their suppression. This approach, conjunction with may suppression increase sustainability agroecosystems.